Membrane Bioreactors (MBRs) have emerged as a leading technology for wastewater treatment due to their superior removal efficiencies and compact footprint. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes are widely implemented in MBR systems owing to their possessing resistance to fouling, chemical durabil

Membrane bioreactors (MABR) are emerging technologies rapidly transforming the landscape of wastewater treatment. Unlike conventional methods, MABR systems integrate a biological reactor with a membrane filtration module, offering enhanced effectiveness. This integrated approach achieves significant